![]() ![]() Nearly 98.4% (184/187) of pork and 96.6% (199/206) of poultry samples tested revealed the presence of at least one type of bacterium. ![]() ![]() A review by Rostagno (2009) reported how stress indirectly encourages the proliferation of enteric pathogens by suppressing the immune system and by physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract via the action of the stress hormones. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter and Salmonella enterica, which lead to fecal shedding as reported in pigs. For instance, stressors have been documented to cause proliferation and colonization of pathogens such as E. The use of antimicrobials for growth promotion and routine disease prevention in groups of animals, without addressing the underlying animal welfare and husbandry practices that can prevent disease occurrences at farm levels, is contributing to the development and spread of AMR. The consumption is predicted to grow significantly by 2030 with the highest growth rates predicted within LMICs because there will likely be a shift to more industrial livestock systems. Of all antibiotics currently used in the world, approximately 73% are used within livestock, and a significant part is used for disease prevention (prophylaxis). It is essential to spread awareness about the judicious use of antibiotics and take preventive measures to reduce disease burden. Moreover, there was high resistance to key antimicrobials for veterinary medicine such as tetracycline (39%), sulfamethoxazole (33%), and trimethoprim (30%). This resistance was noted for critically essential antimicrobials (according to the WHO) such as rifampicin (96%), ampicillin (35%), cefotaxime (9%), cefepime (6%), and ciprofloxacin (6%). Among the 611 bacterial isolates recovered, 38.5% were multi-drug resistant. Of the 393 samples collected, 98.4% of pork and 96.6% of poultry were contaminated with high levels of bacteria. This study aimed to identify the resistance patterns of bacteria from pork and poultry meat samples purchased from leading retail outlets in Kenya. Bacteria from animals are thought to be reservoirs of resistance genes that can be transferred to humans through the food chain. The WHO has labeled some classes of antimicrobials as vitally important to human health. There is increasing proof of bacterial resistance to antibiotics all over the world, and this puts the effectiveness of antimicrobials that have been essential in decreasing disease mortality and morbidity at stake. ![]()
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